This book, which is a much expanded version of an earlier publication, Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment, aims mostly at final-year undergraduates reading subjects such as economics, business studies, environ mental science ...

Critics of shale oil extraction pose questions about environmental management issues, such as waste disposal, extensive water use, waste water management, and air pollution. Hossein Mahdavy was the first to introduce the concept of "external rent", whereby one economy received rent from other economies. [23] Radio frequency processing in conjunction with critical fluids is being developed by Raytheon together with CF Technologies and tested by Schlumberger. Monopoly rent refers to those economic rents derived from monopolies, which can result from (1) denial of access to an asset or (2) the unique qualities of an asset. The United States National Oil Shale Association (NOSA), International Association of Oil & Gas Producers, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shale_oil_extraction&oldid=1036542956, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Radio wave, microwave, and electric current processes, This page was last edited on 1 August 2021, at 06:39.

Roads. [40] The Chattanooga process uses a fluidized bed reactor and an associated hydrogen-fired heater for oil shale thermal cracking and hydrogenation.

In ex situ retorting processes, it begins at 300 °C (570 °F) and proceeds more rapidly and completely at higher temperatures.

� � �

The Chevron CRUSH process, which was researched by Chevron Corporation in partnership with Los Alamos National Laboratory, injects heated carbon dioxide into the formation via drilled wells and to heat the formation through a series of horizontal fractures through which the gas is circulated. Land, in this sense, means exclusive access rights to any natural opportunity. More specifically, a rent is "a return in excess of the resource owner's opportunity cost".

In countries where the creation of new universities is limited by legal charter, such as the UK, it also applies to professors. Unlike economic profit, economic rent cannot be theoretically eliminated by competition because any actions the recipient of the income may take such as improving the object to be rented will then change the total income to contract rent. It values environmental good above economic or even social benefits.

[23][54][55] Its drawbacks include intensive electrical demand and the possibility that groundwater or char would absorb undue amounts of the energy.

Found inside – Page 187P. 187 Sectors of Economic Activities; Comparing the three Sectors; Primary. Secondary and Tertiary Sectors in ... This include agriculture, fishing, forestry, mining and extraction of natural resources. As most of the natural resources ... This course examines the exploitation and fragility of the marine environment and the economic importance of marine resources. endobj To assess the feasibility of the national accounts treating as assets depletable resources extracted for sale, the paper examines three issues: 1. whether treating natural resources as assets when they are used requires symmetrical ... For other uses, see, Please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article.

This technology was further developed by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

Mineral extraction Although public awareness of the need to better manage and protect water has grown over the last decade, economic criteria and political considerations still tend to drive water policy at all levels. In these technologies, hydrogen gas (H2) or hydrogen donors (chemicals that donate hydrogen during chemical reactions) react with coke precursors (chemical structures in the oil shale that are prone to form char during retorting but have not yet done so). These technologies usually employ rotating kiln or fluidized bed retorts, fed by fine oil shale particles generally having a diameter of less than 10 millimeters (0.4 in); some technologies use particles even smaller than 2.5 millimeters (0.10 in).

[9][23] Another advantage is that there is no limit on the smallest particles that the retort can process, thus allowing all the crushed feed to be used. Table 4 reports the eight famous extraction methods used for pesticides analysis together with their advantages and disadvantages.

Shale oil is then recovered through vertical wells drilled into the formation.

Found inside – Page 170Natural resource extraction: Economic activity involving the production of a natural resource. Some types of resource extraction are nonrenewable (oil and gas and other mineral production) because the resource is gone once produced. [9][23] Typically raw oil shale particles between 12 millimetres (0.5 in) and 75 millimetres (3.0 in) in size are fed into the top of the retort and are heated by the rising hot gases, which pass through the descending oil shale, thereby causing decomposition of the kerogen at about 500 °C (932 °F) . Found inside – Page 187P. 187 Sectors of Economic Activities; Comparing the three Sectors; Primary. Secondary and Tertiary Sectors in ... This include agriculture, fishing, forestry, mining and extraction of natural resources. As most of the natural resources ...

For example, a person seeking to become a member of a medieval guild makes a huge investment in training and education, which has limited potential application outside of that guild.

Economic rent is also independent of opportunity cost, unlike economic profit, where opportunity cost is an essential component.

� �Ӗ � �� � E@ � E� ��� jy� b�� ɟ�V@�ا��*رp�p�F�^0�%^�^C�a^7@t@�^�+��@��@�؆@��*V��y^�V��/��^��I9|�n������ C

Oil Shale and Tar Sands Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) Information Center.

[14], Shale oil extraction process decomposes oil shale and converts its kerogen into shale oil—a petroleum-like synthetic crude oil. Spent shale consists of inorganic compounds (minerals) and char—a carbonaceous residue formed from kerogen. The amount of oil produced is the highest when the temperature ranges between 480 and 520 °C (900 and 970 °F). They include chemicals in all their forms, solid, liquid, gaseous including nanoparticles; as well as biological agents such as bacteria, viruses or other microorganisms, that can cause infection, an allergic reaction or are toxic.

Shale oil extraction is usually performed above ground (ex situ processing) by mining the oil shale and then treating it in processing facilities. This process converts kerogen in oil shale into shale oil by pyrolysis, hydrogenation, or thermal dissolution. [11] The distinguishing feature of the Alberta Taciuk Process (ATP) is that the entire process occurs in a single rotating multi–chamber horizontal vessel.[11][14].

The recycled particles are heated in a separate chamber or vessel to about 800 °C (1,470 °F) and then mixed with the raw oil shale to cause the shale to decompose at about 500 °C (932 °F).

0 O Mining oil shale involves a number of environmental impacts, more pronounced in surface mining than in underground mining.

Plasma-Allo-Autothermal Gasification and Plasma Steam Gasification Process Simulation Results", "Application of EOR techniques for oil shale fields (in-situ combustion approach)", Plan of Operation for Oil Shale Research, Development and Demonstration (R, D/D) Tract, Oil Shale Research, Development & Demonstration Project. $.' A possible measure of the viability of oil shale as an energy source lies in the ratio of the energy in the extracted oil to the energy used in its mining and processing (Energy Returned on Energy Invested, or EROEI).

[1][5] During the late 19th century, plants were built in Australia, Brazil, Canada, and the United States. All forms of resource extraction and land use have associated economic, social, environmental, and geopolitical costs and risks, as well as benefits.

[10][52][53] Heating wells are placed in a parallel row with a second horizontal well intersecting them at their toe. %����

In addition, oil shale processing produces spent oil shale, which is a solid residue. Assuming a gradual increase in output after the start of commercial production, the analysis projects a gradual reduction in processing costs to $30–40 per barrel ($190–250/m3) after achieving the milestone of 1 billion barrels (160×10^6 m3).

In simple terms, economic rent is an excess where there is no enterprise or costs of production.

[56][57], Microwave heating technologies are based on the same principles as radio wave heating, although it is believed that radio wave heating is an improvement over microwave heating because its energy can penetrate farther into the oil shale formation. Deeper volumes could be processed at slower heating rates by installations spaced at tens of meters.

Reserves may be located deep ... to maximise local economic benefits and to preserve their rights in national natural resources (including through “ �� ]� �� �4 QA Lf $� �� �$ 9� Ӷ � ˘ Œ y Economic rent is different from other unearned and passive income, including contract rent. In ex situ processing, also known as above-ground retorting, the oil shale is mined either underground or at the surface and then transported to a processing facility.

[4][5][6] As long as there is sufficient accounting profit, governments can collect a portion of economic rent for the purpose of public finance.

[46] The processing area is isolated from surrounding groundwater by a freeze wall consisting of wells filled with a circulating super-chilled fluid. endobj

The main connections between economic systems and the natural world involve flows of resources from the environment (including ecosystems) into the human economy, and offsetting flows of disused materials, by-products, and heat (these are sometimes referred to as wastes) from the economy back to the environment. In contrast, in situ processing converts the kerogen while it is still in the form of an oil shale deposit, following which it is then extracted via oil wells, where it rises in the same way as conventional crude oil.

Volume II: Oil shale resources, technology and economics, "Nominations for Oil Shale Research Leases Demonstrate Significant Interest in Advancing Energy Technology", "Oil shale – a local asset under global constraint", Oil Shale.

[60] The various attempts to develop oil shale deposits have succeeded only when the shale-oil production cost in a given region is lower than the price of petroleum or its other substitutes.

���� JFIF H H ���Exif II*

A Scientific-Technical Journal, "Editor's page.

A 1984 study estimated the EROEI of the various known oil shale deposits as varying between 0.7–13.3;[68] Some companies and newer technologies assert an EROEI between 3 and 10.

Found inside – Page 104... an occupation with a low environmental impact, enabling the Emberá to remain in the park without violating the environmental regulations that inhibit economic activities involving the extraction of natural resources.

In regard to labor, economic rent can be created by the existence of mass education, labor laws, state social reproduction supports, democracy, guilds, and labor unions (e.g., higher pay for some workers, where collective action creates a scarcity of such workers, as opposed to an ideal condition where labor competes with other factors of production on price alone).
The cells, placed in the oil shale formation, are fueled by natural gas during a warm-up period and afterward by oil shale gas generated by its own waste heat. Neoclassical economics extends the concept of rent to include factors other than natural resource rents.

[54][84][85], Process for extracting oil from oil shale, This article is about production of synthetic oil from, Classification of extraction technologies, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Western Oil Shale Has a High Mercury Content.

%PDF-1.5

Shale oil mist, evolved gases and cooled combustion gases are removed from the top of the retort then moved to separation equipment. [7], According to Robert Tollison (1982), economic rents are "excess returns" above the "normal levels" that are generated in competitive markets.

[58] The microwave heating process was tested by Global Resource Corporation.

[47] The process was tested since the early 1980s at the Mahogany test site in the Piceance Basin.

[41][42][43] The main benefit of these technologies is processing without using water. [54][74] In 2002, about 97% of air pollution, 86% of total waste and 23% of water pollution in Estonia came from the power industry, which uses oil shale as the main resource for its power production. [6] The 1894 invention of the Pumpherston retort, which was much less reliant on coal heat than its predecessors, marked the separation of the oil shale industry from the coal industry. A hot gas circulated through parallel pipes heats the oil shale rubble. Found inside – Page 166Community Economic Development in Rural British Columbia Sean Markey, John T. Pierce, Kelly Vodden, Mark Roseland. Incorporating sustainable natural resource extraction into CED activities involves a variety of prerequisites. GIS Applications at the National Level.

This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. [31] The Red Leaf Resources EcoShale In-Capsule Process combines surface mining with a lower-temperature heating method similar to in situ processes by operating within the confines of an earthen structure. Shale oil extraction is an industrial process for unconventional oil production.

According to the United States Department of Energy, the capital costs of a 100,000 barrels per day (16,000 m3/d) ex-situ processing complex are $3–10 billion.

[36] [9] In the Superior Direct process, oil shale is processed in a horizontal, segmented, doughnut-shaped traveling-grate retort.[9][24][31]. Air, hydrogen or nitrogen are used as plasma gas and processes may operate in an arc, plasma arc, or plasma electrolysis mode.

The shale feed usually consists of fine particles.

In one result, Queensland Energy Resources put the proposed Stuart Oil Shale Project in Australia on hold in 2004. The following table shows extraction technologies classified by heating method, heat carrier and location (in situ or ex situ).

Several experimental tests have been conducted for the oil-shale gasification by using plasma technologies. For example, economic rent can be collected by a government as royalties or extraction fees in the case of resources such as minerals and oil and gas. Other modern technologies perform the processing underground (on-site or in situ processing) by applying heat and extracting the oil via oil wells.

n���'�'�D��'E��8�8�' �'$�p]in �������������p� �ܼ_ � � � � � � �� p 9 �� $ b � t ��� ��_ � @ ��_ � @ �� �� �q � �� �� �q � w � � @ @ @ �0�� ����}� �� V�� � � � t� �� �I 3!

Industry refers to economic activities which are connected with conversion of resources into useful goods. [39] Reactive fluid technologies include the IGT Hytort (high-pressure H2) process, donor solvent processes, and the Chattanooga fluidized bed reactor.

In addition, the atmospheric emissions from oil shale processing and combustion include carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. • Almost invariably involve government bodies. Found inside – Page 187Economic Activities are performed in various sectors that may be classified as follows: (i) Primary Sector: Primary sector of the economy involves conversion of natural resources into primary goods Sectors of Economic Activities which ... To the extent that a constraint on entrants to the guild actually increases the returns to guild members as opposed to ensuring competence, then the practice of limiting entrants to the field[20] is a rent-seeking activity, and the excess return realized by the guild members is economic rent.

Combustion gases from the furnace are used to dry the oil shale in a dryer before mixing with hot ash. The temperature at which decomposition of oil shale occurs depends on the time-scale of the process.

Microeconomics in Context lays out the principles of microeconomics in a manner that is thorough, up to date, and relevant to students. Like its counterpart, Macroeconomics in Context, the book is uniquely attuned to economic realities. ); and rents associated with network effects of platform technologies controlled by companies like Facebook, Google, or Amazon.

[10], The dominant question for shale oil production is under what conditions shale oil is economically viable.

19(4): 309–340. National energy security issues have also played a role in its development.

Found inside – Page 32... which typically involves economic actors6—who are people or organisations engaged in any of the four economic activities of production, distribution, consumption, and resource maintenance—harvesting and extracting natural resources, ... <>

Found insidethe exploitation of natural resources in occupied territories? The rest of this chapter presents a negative answer to this ... ad bellum to the extent that these activities involve the prohibited use of force in international relations. Logging The business of cutting down trees and transporting the logs to sawmills. [10][11] The US program was restarted in 2003, followed by a commercial leasing program in 2005 permitting the extraction of oil shale and oil sands on federal lands in accordance with the Energy Policy Act of 2005.

[10] Laboratory results indicate that these technologies can often obtain significantly higher oil yields than pyrolysis processes.

Found inside – Page 28In this view, construction is an economic activity that crosses over all three economic sectors: primary sector that involves the extraction of natural resources; secondary sector that involves the manufacture of building materials and ...

This is an examination of the extent to which natural resources are used to fuel industrial economies. FE-2468-82", "Using neoteric solvents in oil shale studies", "Reactivity of oil shale towards solvent hydrogenation", "Appendix A: Oil Shale Development Background and Technology Overview", "Gasification of Oil Shale from Aleksinac Using Plasma Technology. ", "The difference between what a factor of production is paid and how much it would need to be paid to remain in its current use.

Cold recycled gas may enter the bottom of the retort to cool the shale ash. Uneven distribution of gas across the retort can result in blockages when hot spots cause particles to fuse or disintegrate. These regulations have been embraced within the oil & gas industry, as the sector continues the journey to reduce its environmental impact.

Still, the total income is made up of economic profit (earned) plus economic rent (unearned).

Economic rent is viewed as unearned revenue [1] while economic profit is a narrower term describing surplus income earned by choosing between risk-adjusted alternatives.

The water requirements of extraction processes are an additional economic consideration in regions where water is a scarce resource. However, crude oil discoveries in Texas during the 1920s and in the Middle East in the mid 20th century brought most oil shale industries to a halt.

By contrast, in production theory, if there is no exclusivity and there is perfect competition, there are no economic rents, as competition drives prices down to their floor.[2][3].

[19] For a modern in situ process, which might take several months of heating, decomposition may be conducted at temperatures as low as 250 °C (480 °F). This edited volume conceptualises and empirically analyses the ‘ecotourism-extraction nexus’ within the context of broader rural and livelihood changes in the places where these activities occur. It is usually carried out in small groups and has minimal impact on the local ecosystem.

In general, externally generated hot gas technologies are similar to internal combustion technologies in that they also process oil shale lumps in vertical shaft kilns. [11] Newer technologies are being explored that use a variety of heat sources and heat delivery systems.

SONY DSC � � B � � � � � � � | f � z � � � \ � � X � � �� - O ^�� ^�� p� � k � p�� � �9� ���ir ���� I��0 p ��0 p �3@ p

They present an opportunity to recover shale oil from low-grade deposits that traditional mining techniques could not extract.[44].

[80] In situ processing, according to one estimate, uses about one-tenth as much water.

It injects an electrically conductive material such as calcined petroleum coke into the hydraulic fractures created in the oil shale formation which then forms a heating element.

[59] Electro-Petroleum proposes electrically enhanced oil recovery by the passage of direct current between cathodes in producing wells and anodes located either at the surface or at depth in other wells. [23] Unlike ex situ processing, it does not involve mining or spent oil shale disposal aboveground as spent oil shale stays underground.

Hot recycled solids technologies deliver heat to the oil shale by recycling hot solid particles—typically oil shale ash.

", This page was last edited on 10 July 2021, at 11:46.

[8], Henry George, best known for his proposal for a single tax on land, defines rent as "the part of the produce that accrues to the owners of land (or other natural capabilities) by virtue of ownership" and as "the share of wealth given to landowners because they have an exclusive right to the use of those natural capabilities.

However, due to the lack of combustion of the spent shale, the oil shale does not exceed 500 °C (932 °F) and significant carbonate mineral decomposition and subsequent CO2 generation can be avoided for some oil shales.

CRC Critical Reviews in Environmental Control.

� x For most other production, including agriculture and extraction, economic rent is due to a scarcity (uneven distribution) of natural resources (e.g., land, oil, or minerals).

[19][20] The efficiencies of extraction processes are often evaluated by comparing their yields to the results of a Fischer Assay performed on a sample of the shale.

�� \ � 0100� �

Found inside... under conditions of resource dependence requires very careful distinctions about the precise sector with which one is working, whether the dominant local economic activities involve extraction or processing of a natural resource, ...

[29] Two well-established shale oil industries use internal combustion technologies: Kiviter process facilities have been operated continuously in Estonia since the 1920s, and a number of Chinese companies operate Fushun process facilities. It is usually carried out in small groups and has minimal impact on the local ecosystem.

Found insideIn this chapter you will learn about: □ primary, secondary and What is an economy? The country where you live has an economy ... Primary sector business activity involves extracting or harvesting natural resources from the land or sea. According to a survey conducted by the RAND Corporation, the cost of producing shale oil at a hypothetical surface retorting complex in the United States (comprising a mine, retorting plant, upgrading plant, supporting utilities, and spent oil shale reclamation), would be in a range of $70–95 per barrel ($440–600/m3), adjusted to 2005 values.

Commonly detected examples include quinoline derivatives, pyridine, and various alkyl homologues of pyridine (picoline, lutidine). [83] By raw oil shale particle size: The various ex situ processing technologies may be differentiated by the size of the oil shale particles that are fed into the retorts.

Found inside – Page 187Economic Activities are performed in various sectors that may be classified as follows: (i) Primary Sector: Primary sector of the economy involves conversion of natural resources into primary goods Sectors of Economic Activities which ... Some of those who would have opted for a particular guild may decide to join a different guild or occupation. gasification or combustion of the residual carbon (char), and the usage of waste heat from other industrial processes, such as coal gasification and nuclear power generation.[10][70][71]. Its economic viability usually requires a lack of locally available crude oil. Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the wellbeing of the local people, and may involve education. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been aggressively reducing diesel engine emissions over the last 25 years, and Cummins Inc. has committed to developing the technology to meet these requirements.

A comprehensive analysis of an environmental tax reform where people are taxed on pollution and the use of natural resources instead of on their income, it looks at the challenges involved in implementing this tax reform across Europe.

Modified in situ processes involve drilling and fracturing the target oil shale deposit to create voids in the deposit.

Industries may be: primary, secondary or tertiary. Spent shale and shale ash can be used as ingredients in cement or brick manufacture. These include the usage of process waste heat, e.g.

Reserves may be located deep ... to maximise local economic benefits and to preserve their rights in national natural resources (including through

Environmental activists, including members of Greenpeace, have organized strong protests against the oil shale industry.

4 0 obj These technologies can achieve 80–90% of Fischer assay yield.
�:A [10][23] In the IGT Hytort oil shale is processed in a high-pressure hydrogen environment. This book provides a factual analysis of material flows and resource productivity in OECD countries in a global context. Found inside – Page 237While the classification of the macroeconomy into three economic spheres shows where economic activities are ... The primary sector involves the harvesting and extraction of natural resources and rudimentary processing of these raw ...

While methods that allow combustion products to contact the oil shale within the retort are classified as direct, methods that burn materials external to the retort to heat another material that contacts the oil shale are described as indirect[14]. [6][10][15][16][17][18] Only four processes are in commercial use: Kiviter, Galoter, Fushun, and Petrosix. Explores the complex political and programmatic reasons why government officials in Third World countries often wilfully adopt wasteful natural resource policies.

The radicals crack kerogen molecules forming synthetic gas and oil.

Opportunities and Challenges of Oil Shale Development", http://www.westernresearch.org/uploadedFiles/Energy_and_Environmental_Technology/Unconventional_Fuels/Oil_Shale/MercuryinOilShale.pdf, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Driving It Home. However, a political restriction on the number of people entering into the competitive market for services of the guild has the effect of raising the return on investments in the guild's training, especially for those already practicing, by creating an artificial scarcity of guild members.

270 cubic meters (1,700 bbl) of oil were extracted in 2004 at a 9-by-12-meter (30 by 40 ft) testing area.

[10][36] Mountain West Energy's In Situ Vapor Extraction process uses similar principles of injection of high-temperature gas. As a rule, gas heat carrier technologies process oil shale lumps varying in diameter from 10 to 100 millimeters (0.4 to 3.9 in), while solid heat carrier and wall conduction technologies process fines which are particles less than 10 millimeters (0.4 in) in diameter.[14].

(� j� N 2� u� I Ň �} �� L� As �o �� �k �# k ����/\\\///\�\\\323\\�2J2�\\323//\�\��/\\\/ �V�x������ �po� � =i�pE �4V����^�� ��hp��k�@ ������������ ��}��gptpֶ� �*� �X |�� �f �i� (� �` ��6? When economic rent is privatized, the recipient of economic rent is referred to as a rentier. Wall conduction in situ technologies use heating elements or heating pipes placed within the oil shale formation. Also, these technologies tend to be the more stable and easier to control than internal combustion or hot solid recycle technologies.

Svo Sentences Speech Therapy, How To Dissolve An Hoa In South Carolina, Definition Of Arms Weapons, Minnesota Women's Basketball Recruiting 2022, Immersion Heater Thermostat Wiring, Some Nfl Linemen Crossword, Paralympian Shorts 'too Short, Thai Smile Palm Springs, Andy Cruz Gomez Boxrec, Kathputli Class 7 Shabdarth, Where Are Viscosoft Mattress Toppers Made,